Questions On Margin Of Error - 1532 Words

What is margin of error? Margin of error is a common summary of sampling error that quantifies uncertainty about survey results. Three pieces of data are needed to express the â€Å"confidence interval,† : statistic, confidence level, and margin of error. Confidence Interval is usually stated in the following format: 95 percent confidence intervals, or accurate 19/20 times with a margin of error of +/- 5%. This means that 19 out of 20 times it is expected that the mean of the survey result (stats) will fall within 5% above or below the true value. There are strict parameters that determines on which survey results a Margin of Error disclaimer can included. MRIA sets the guidelines for reporting research in Appendix â€Å"D† MRIA Revised†¦show more content†¦(b) Researchers must ensure the reliability and validity of research data as far as reasonably possible when designing research methodologies and instruments and in the collection, processing and analysis of research data. Integrity of Reporting (a) Researchers must not knowingly allow the dissemination of conclusions from a market research project which are not adequately supported by the data. They must always be prepared to make available the technical information necessary to assess the validity of any published findings. (b) This entails that: 1. Researchers must recommend those techniques and methodologies which are appropriate to the objectives of the research, avoiding those which they believe may give misleading results. 2. Researchers must not provide or allow without protest, interpretations of the research that are inconsistent with the data. 3. Researchers must not present research results with greater confidence than the data warrants. Instead, as responsible professionals, members must point out the relevant limitations of the research. This includes but is not limited to the following guidelines: i. Disclosing relevant potential sources of error, both sampling and non-sampling (e.g. response, non-response, measurement, coverage, etc.). ii. Being explicit about the assumptions

A Brief Note On Agro Terrorism And Its Effects On Society

Americans have become so fixated on a 9/11 type of attack that many others modes of terrorism often go over looked, such as agricultural terrorism (agro terrorism). Agro terrorism can be defined as the intentional release of a disease substance that impacts cattle and other food supply chains that either generates widespread fear or impacts a the social economic climate (Chalk, 2004). The U.S. is vulnerable for such a disruption and cannot wait until an attack occurs before significant action is taken to defend the people and keep America’s defenses in a mode that detects and deters potential threats. Vulnerabilities have to be identified and steps have to be taken to mitigate the impact of a potential threat. There is no way to prevent†¦show more content†¦in attempt to be heard. Additionally, if another 9/11 happened you can’t rule out this type of attack to further disrupt stability and put more fear and chaos in the minds of citizens. This type of attack can be done simultaneously with another attack and cause the same damage to U.S. infrastructure as if a building had collapsed. With little to no resistance, the terrorist organization can achieve a low risk, high reward attack and ultimately achieve the desired results of panic and production lag even if the attempt is unsuccessful or quickly contained. The vulnerabilities exist in monitoring, detection, response, and a clear lack of knowledgeable technicians and diagnostic professionals dedicated to agricultural terrorism. Monitoring Currently, the U.S. has identified a need to develop plans that will collect and integrate information for the agricultural safety of America’s food chain. Some states have addressed the issue but only North Carolina has made significant strides in what developed agricultural plan would look like. As of now, there is no effective national coordination on the federal level despite the existence of presidential directives aimed at securing this weakness. Specifically, the â€Å"Homeland Security Presidential Directive 9 (HSPD-9), â€Å"Defense of United States Agriculture and Food† (Monke, 2005). This directive aimed to plan for the protection of agricultural resources in the

Administrative Law and Regulatory Processes Free Essays

The federal state constitution has set up various independent regulatory commissions which are established to regulate and decide on important areas of the nation’s economy. According to Horn (2003), the regulatory commissions are also referred to as the quasi-legislative groups, and they operate independently with no presidential control.   Members of the regulatory commissions are appointed to their various offices by the president, and are given the approval by the senate either for staggered periods or for long terms. We will write a custom essay sample on Administrative Law and Regulatory Processes or any similar topic only for you Order Now    The president cannot remove a head of an independent commission at will. Members who are appointed to work in the various independent commissions must have had appropriated experience working in the same industry.   The commissions should also have members from both parties and no member can be stopped from serving in the regulatory commission due to political factors. When a regulatory commission concentrates on the protection of the interests of a specific industry, such a commission is said to be’ captured’ because it protects and represents only the interest of the industry, as opposed to the protection of the public interest.   The objective of any independent and regulatory commission should be to protect and represent the interest of the public. Quasi-legislative and Quasi- judicial Functions The regulatory commissions that are established as independent have both the quasi-judicial and the quasi-legislative functions, which they carry out in the discharge of their responsibilities.   Mayne Martin (2004) observed that, the quasi-legislative functions are exercised where the commission is required to take part in the rule making, and in the carrying out of their regulatory functions.    In the carrying out of this duty, there should be the force of law whereby, when a decision is made by the commission, it becomes legally binding and anyone who does not a bid by the rule is subject to a judicial sanction. According to Mayne Martin (2004), the powers of the quasi judicial functions have been exercised in situations where disputes need to be settled in various incidents where the congress may have been involved in the giving of policing authority such as, in the business field, where the commission may have been making decisions which may be viewed as suitable for the development of commerce. For instance, there is a commission on Interstate Commerce which deals with matters of economy in the state. The regulatory commissions have the three major powers which include the legislative, judicial and the executive powers.   Unlike other arms of government that are subject to the rule which demands for power separation, this rule does not apply to the regulatory commissions. There has been so much controversy concerning the powers given to the independent regulatory commissions, and these powers have been reduced every now and then especially during the leadership of president Bush and Reagan. Horn (2003) observed that, there has been a tremendous effort by the congress to protect the regulatory agencies from any political influence.   The congress does this by demanding that, every agency should be led by commissioners who are active in the two major political movements. How to cite Administrative Law and Regulatory Processes, Essays

Unsettling Dreams an Analysis of the Metamorphosis free essay sample

An Analysis of The Metamorphosis Through his essay â€Å"Competing Theories of Identity in The Metamorphosis†, Kevin W. Sweeny explores three different concepts of identity that are brought to light in Franz Kafka’s novella The Metamorphosis. While our social role and conscious mind help establish our character, ultimately our material body determines how we identify, to ourselves and the general public. Through The Metamorphosis, Kafka explores how losing control of the body can conflict the mind, and decimate social status, as well as alter the very essence of one’s identity. When he awakes one morning to find his human body replaced with that of a bug in Kafka’s novella The Metamorphosis, Gregor Samsa does not immediately realize the drastic repercussions of this event; that with the loss of his human body comes the loss of his identity. No longer is he Gregor, but instead is a â€Å"monstrous vermin† (1). He has become unable to control his physical being and thus his actions, which are fundamental aspects of personal characterization. Gregor’s body begins to control all aspects of his life. It literally denies him the ability to speak, his voice intruded by an â€Å"insistent distressed chirping† (5). It is this loss of communication that stems Gregors detachment from humanity. He is incapable of voicing his thoughts and opinions, which is the very foundation of human interaction When Gregor first tries to respond to his mothers calls, his voice is badly garbled, broken up with chirps; when he attempts to defend himself against the Office Manager’s accusations with a long, pleading speech, the Manager’s only response is to claim Gregor’s voice as that â€Å"of an animal (10). From this moment on, Gregor refrains from any attempt at speech. This absence of communication emphasizes the conflict between his conscious and the physical being it now inhabits; that of a bug. Also emphasizing this mind-body disconnect is Kafka’s focus on â€Å"[Gregor’s] little legs†, a phrase sometimes accompanied by modifiers such as â€Å"numerous† (6) and â€Å"struggling† (6). Starkly contrasting the bipedalism of the more evolutionarily evolved human being, this emphasis on Gregor’s â€Å"many legs [being] pitifully thin† (16) further strips him of his human identity. Accompanied by the fact that Gregor is the only non-human character in the novella, this portrays him as an isolated creature, inferring he is an inferior being. The transformation of Gregor’s biological identity impacts not only him, but his family as well. For Gregor, it means almost complete isolation. After awakening that morning, he never again leaves the apartment, instead spending most of his time â€Å"[lying] in the darkest corner of his room† (34). His exile makes him an outcast not only socially, but with his family as well. In describing the family apartment, Kafka’s repetition of the competing terms â€Å"living room† versus â€Å"his room† emphasize Gregor’s alienation from the rest of his family. While words such as â€Å"immaculate† (35) attribute a clean, almost holy reverence to the living room, â€Å"all the [useless] things migrate into Gregor’s room† (33). This implies that Gregor himself is also useless, as it is his room that stores all the family’s â€Å"dirty junk† (33). Before his transformation, Gregor was the sole provider for his family. His father was feeble and ailing, whiles his mother and sister simply enjoyed the benefits of being taken care of. Yet with Gregor’s metamorphosis the family dynamic is altered into one of the more traditional sense, with his father assuming the authoritative, patriarchal role as head of the household. It is the contrast between these dynamics and Gregor’s role in them that invokes the analysis of Gregor’s true self. Through the novella, Gregor struggles with the separation of mind from body. His body repeatedly rejects what his mind wants, as demonstrated when his sister left Gregor a bowl of fresh milk with little pieces of bread floating in it. He discovers that he â€Å"[doesn’t] like the milk at all, although if used to be his favorite drink† (16), and that he now has a taste for half-rotten vegetables and expired cheese. These food choices are also used to further emphasize the loss of Gregor’s human identity, as no average person would voluntarily choose rotten over fresh food. It also allows insight into how he will soon be viewed by his family. A peer or superior would never be offered anything less than the most fresh, nourishing food available; days-old and rotting food is typically only given to those seen as inferior. He also finds great comfort underneath the couch in his room, even though he cannot fit entirely beneath it. This suggests the very stereotypical desire of a bug to be in a confined, dark space; a characteristic that is more often associated with a phobia than a desire among the human population. Gregor also uses a bed sheet to reveal and conceal himself. It is something that â€Å"fell off by itself† (6) with ease in the beginning of the story to reveal his bug body. And it is the same sheet e uses to cover himself for his sister’s sake later on, when he realizes that the sight of him is â€Å"still repulsive to her and was bound to remain repulsive to her in the future† (22). This evokes the question of whether the sheet fell away in the beginning to reveal Gregor’s true self, or if it is his true self that he is trying to retain by keeping himself covered by it in the presence of his sister. The true self, that of the physical body possessed, is ultimat ely what decides how one is identified, both by themselves, as well as by society. Kafka uses Gregor’s bug body to address this theory. Ultimately it is our physical being that dictated our actions and how we are perceived. It is Gregor’s physical being that controls what he eats, his mobility, his sleep, and ultimately, it is his body that controls when he dies. Works Cited Kafka, Franz. The Metamorphosis: Translation, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism. Ed. Stanley Corngold. Trans. Stanley Corngold. Norton Critical Edition ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 1996. Print. Sweeney, Kevin W. â€Å"Competing Theories of Identity in The Metamorphosis. † The Metamorphosis. By Franz Kafka. Ed. Stanley Corngold. New York: Norton, 1996.