Punishment, Is The Execution Of Criminals By The State, For Essays

Discipline, is the execution of crooks by the state, for The death penalty prevents murder, and is simply Retribution. Capital carrying out violations, respected so deplorable, this is the main worthy discipline. The death penalty doesn't just lower the murder rate, however it's an incentive as requital alone is a valid justification for giving out capital punishments. Backing for capital punishment in the U.S. has ascended to a normal of 80% as indicated by an article composed by Richard Worsnop, entitled Capital punishment banter focuses on Requital, this figure is somewhat lower in Canada where support for capital punishment is at 72% of the populace more than 18 years of age, as expressed in article by Kirk Makir, in the March 26, 1987 version of the Globe and Mail, named B.C. MPs split on Death Penalty. Capital punishment discourages murder by putting the dread of death into would be executioners. An individual is more averse to accomplish something, in the event that he or on the other hand she imagines that damage will come to him. Another way the demise punishment prevents murder, is the way that if the executioner is dead, he will not have the option to execute once more. Most supporters of capital punishment feel that wrongdoers ought to be rebuffed for their violations, and that it doesn't make a difference whether it will prevent the crime percentage. Supporters of capital punishment are in favor of making models out of guilty parties, and that the danger of passing will be sufficient to discourage the crime percentage, yet the crime percentage is superfluous. As indicated by Isaac Ehrlich's examination, distributed on April 16, 1976, eight killings are hindered for every execution that is conveyed out in the U.S.A. He proceeds to state, On the off chance that one execution of a liable capital killer hinders the homicide of one guiltless life, the execution is advocated. To most supporters of capital punishment, similar to Ehrlich, on the off chance that even 1 life is spared, for endless executions of the liable, it is a valid justification for capital punishment. The hypothesis that society locks in in murder when executing the blameworthy, is viewed as invalid by most supporters, including Ehrlich. He feels that execution of sentenced wrongdoers communicates the extraordinary worth society puts on guiltless life. Isaac Ehrlich proceeds to express that prejudice is additionally a point utilized by capital punishment advocates. We will utilize the U.S. as models, since we can not take a gander at the detainees waiting for capital punishment in Canada, in light of the fact that their are laws in Canada that express that wrongdoing measurements can not be based on race, additionally the way that there are no prisoners waiting for capital punishment in Canada. In the U.S. 16 out of 1000 whites captured for homicide are condemned to death, while 12 of 1000 blacks captured for homicide were condemned to death. 1.1% of dark detainees waiting for capital punishment were executed, while 1.7% of white detainees will bite the dust. Another weep for prejudice, as indicated by Ehrlich, that is raised by supporters of capital punishment depends on the shade of the casualty, for instance if the casualty is white, almost certainly, the guilty party will get capital punishment than if the casualty had been dark. This is valid, in the event that you take a gander at the real number of individuals who are murder. More individuals slaughter whites and get capital punishment, at that point individuals who slaughter blacks and get capital punishment. The purpose behind this is that more whites are slaughtered, and the homicides caught. Presently on the off chance that we take a gander at the quantity of blacks slaughtered it is significantly less, however you have to take a gander at these numbers proportionately. Percent savvy it is nearly a similar number for any race, so this isn't the issue. In a recent report done by Professor Stephen K. Layson of the College of North Carolina, the ends made by Ehrilich were refreshed, and demonstrated to be a little on the low side similarly as the prevention factor of the death penalty. Educator Layson found that 18 homicides were prevented by every execution is the U.S. He likewise found that executions increment in likelihood of capture, conviction, and different executions of shocking guilty parties. As indicated by an announcement gave by George C. Smith, Director of Prosecution, Washington Legal Foundation, named In Support of the Capital punishment, support for capital punishment has developed in the U.S., as the crime percentage expanded. In 1966, 42% of Americans were in favor of the death penalty while 47% were against it. Since the wrongdoing rate United States has expanded, support for the death penalty has stuck to this same pattern. In 1986, support for the death penalty was

Elizabeth I 2 free essay sample

Elizabeth I A ; Marlowe # 8217 ; s Faustus # 8211 ; Pragmatism And Lasting Accomplishment Vs. Impetousity And Fleeting Essay, Research Paper Henryk Jaronowski English 9H, 7 Mrs. Ritter Winter 1998 Elizabeth I A ; Marlowe # 8217 ; s Faustus # 8211 ; Pragmatism and Lasting Accomplishment versus Impetousity and Fleeting Aggrandizement Goethe # 8217 ; s Faust. Milton # 8217 ; s Paradise Lost. Shakespeare # 8217 ; s Macbeth. Every single praised plant which were foreshadowed by a dramatization called The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus, a show so incredible as to do Goethe say # 8220 ; How enormously is it arranged! # 8221 ; ( Knoll 72 ) . Specialist Faustus was composed by Christopher Marlowe, a writer whose big name among his coevalss is second simply to Shakespeare # 8217 ; s ( Farnham 1 ) . Marlowe lived in an England managed by Elizabeth I, an incredible patronne of the humanistic trains each piece great truly swayer whose main utilization for power was the improvement of the land and the general masses. In this commended show, which many consider to be Marlowe # 8217 ; s coronating achievement, the bookman Faustus, blinded with the lasciviousness for force and perception, denotes a merciless arrangement in which he exchanges his imperishable mind for 24 mature ages of his fondest needs ( Farnham 6-7 ) . Faustus so proceeds to blow what little force was given him on expanding his big name ( Frye 57 ) . In dull differentiation to Elizabeth I # 8217 ; s matter-of-actuality use for power, Marlowe # 8217 ; s Faustus, blinded by a terrible indecency for power, wasted what little messy force was distributed him by Lucifer, convey throughing nil of any existent perpetual worth and working no reason rescue his ain criminal glorification. Elizabeth I was seemingly one of the most efficacious swayers England ever had ; a # 8220 ; illustrious discerning # 8221 ; , Elizabeth # 8217 ; s boss association as a main priority, was its capacity to follow up on individuals and occasions. She involved truth sovereign who wanted to bite over her choices ( Kendall 1-2 ) . For representation, Elizabeth felt for her Catholic cousin, Mary Stuart Queen of Scots, both as a sovereign and as a grown-up female yet, when a Catholic mystery plan against Elizabeth # 8217 ; s life fizzled, she conquered her own emotions sing Mary. This permitted her leting her to do a difficul tchoice # 8212 ; the pick to hold Mary executed on February 8, 1587. She did this to take the Catholic hazard to benefit the state ( Johnson 39-41 ) . She neer wedded and utilized her girlhood as an instrument of diplomacy, playing her suers, both Catholic and Protestant, against one another ( Slavin ) . # 8220 ; Moved by male excellence, she neer surrendered to it, and could pass on herself to guide her cherished Essex to the square # 8221 ; ( Smith nine ) . One of the extraordinary talkers of her clasp, her addresss could propel the people, cajole Parliament into making what she them to make, and smooth over numerous sensitive discretionary condition of affairss ( Green 30 ) . Her logic and enrichment did England an incredible social place and a power with which to be figured. She was an extraordinary patronne of the humanistic trains each piece great as making numerous things, just some of which are the undermentioned: doing the Church of England # 8217 ; s boss church, staying away from war with Roman Catholic states, driving back the Spanish Armada, set uping England as # 8220 ; Queen of the Seas # 8221 ; through her vanquishing Spain, and helping the financial arrangement of England to flourish ( Slavin ) . Writing and the humanistic controls thrived ; Marlowe, Shakespeare, and Spenser composed Doctor Faustus, Julius Caesar, and The Fairy Qu eene, severally. The strength of the obvious certainty Elizabeth I to the English seat in 1558 at the stamp age of 24 denoted the start of another # 8220 ; aureate age # 8221 ; for England ( Slavin ) . In dull complexity to Elizabeth # 8217 ; s sober mindedness and accomplishment, Faustus was a levelheaded whose recklessness and licentiousness for individual big name at long last obliterated him. He gets frustrated with ordinary academic pursues and, accepting that # 8220 ; A sound prestidigitator is a demi-god # 8221 ; , pronounces # 8220 ; Here tire, my encephalons, to gain a heavenly nature! # 8221 ; ( Marlowe 9 ) . The central natural structure of preparing that Faustus makes before raising Mephistopheles comprises basically of woolgathering about what he will make with insidious force. Faustus would like to use his forces to do alcohols bring for him gold from India, pearls from the seas, and # 8220 ; lovely leafy foods delicates # 8221 ; ( Marlowe, Doctor 9 ) from the New World. He wanders off in fantasy land about holding the alcohols divider Germany with metal, holding the mixers take the signiory of Emden, and holding the mixers drive the Prince of Parma from Germany ( Mar lowe, Doctor 9 ) . These early purposes, in any case self important, are still basically for Faustus # 8217 ; s glorification ( Sewall 63-64 ) . This quickness is # 8220 ; highlight of Faustus, who far too much quickly considers and rejects his accomplishments in every single significant development of larning # 8211 ; he dismisses an essential guideline of magic, dark or white. He makes plans to raise at once, and in this manner makes incomprehensible the refinement, the ceremonial readyings, suggested by beguiling handbooks† ( Traister 80 ) . He is blinded with lasciviousness for detestable force, expressing â€Å"How am I glutted with love propre of this! † in scene one ( Marlowe 10 ) . After a short exercise in basic magic from his companions Valdes and Cornelius, Faustus endeavors to name up Mephistopheles by declaiming a charm in which he repudiates his religion in the Christian Trinity and â€Å"turns to the fiendish three of Lucifer, Beelzebub, and Demogorgon† ( Marlowe 18 ) . Mephistopheles shows up, and when inquired as to whether his â€Å"conjuring speeches† gathered him, he says that it was non the bringing charm up in of itself that brought him, however rather that the charm had brought him in view of something it happened to include: viz. , his â€Å"rack [ ing ] the name of God, Abjur [ ing ] the Bibles and his Jesus Christ† ( Marlowe 20 ) . Mephistopheles proceeds to express that he looks for Faus tus’s mind, that Faustus is â€Å"in risk to be damn’d† , and that a demonstration of Faustus’s readiness to surrender his mind to the Devil carried him to Faustus of his ain choice ( Marlowe 20 ) . Faustus so hurries into the sensible demonstration of offering his mind to the Devil for 24 mature ages of Mephistopheles’ administration ( Marlowe 30 ) . He is considerably anxious to sell his mind, expressing â€Å"Had I the same number of minds as at that spot be stars, I’d give them just for Mephistopheles† ( Marlowe 22 ) . Faustus follows cloud sentiments of disappointment to offer his unfading mind to the Devil for 24 mature ages of administration from Mephistopheles. Faustus’s unmanageable activities lead to his ruin and warrant that his life in the wake of taking up raising has little accomplishment of any processing esteem. Faustus # 8217 ; s unforesightful pick to surrender all that he cultivated as a bookman to offer his mind to the Satan guaranteed that his name would go down through the ages, non as an extraordinary bookman, yet as a cut-up and a feeble grown-up male # 8212 ; an outline of what conclusions one ought to non do. His life was, before his break from the legitimate logical orders, splendid and loaded with guarantee. He was the pride of Wittenberg, for he was # 8220 ; grac # 8217 ; nutrient D with doctor # 8217 ; s name # 8221 ; , his # 8220 ; measures [ were ] hung up as commemorations # 8221 ; , and he relieved a # 8220 ; thousand urgent diseases # 8221 ; ( Marlowe 5 ) . Faustus # 8217 ; s place subsequent to buying in the bargain is non a long way from that of a meandering performer # 8211 ; he goes from court to council, seting on shows and drawing buffooneries. Faustus engages the head he had wanted to order, and # 8220 ; winds up pensioned off at the choice of the eventide # 8217 ; s appear. # 8221 ; ( Frye 57 ) The mixers which he had trusted would pass on him riches only passing on unavailable grapes to satisfy the pregnant Duchess of Vanholt # 8217 ; s yearnings. # 8220 ; Faustus acknowledges the sponsorship of those whom he one time wished to disparage. # 8221 ; ( Frye 57 ) . On the off chance that non for Faustus # 8217 ; s unrealistic and unforesightful assurance to sell his mind, he may hold stood out forever as an incredible bookman and specialist rather than a grown-up male who was fooled into surrendering fame for junior-grade enchanting quick ones and outlaw VIP. When taking a gander at the dramatization The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus, one can non help however ask what comparings, complexities, or tales Marlowe wished to leave upon individual perusing his show. Conceivably he wished to demo a complexity between the hastiness and outlaw captivation of the Faustus of his dramatization and the sober mindedness and perpetual big name of the swayer of his state. Conceivably he wished to do the peruser wander off with a good # 8211 ; # 8221 ; # 8216 ; Tis preferable to be an Elizabeth over a Faustus. # 8221 ; Plants Cited Farnham, Willard erectile brokenness. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Doctor Faustus. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1969. Frye, Roland M. # 8220 ; Marlowe # 8217 ; s Doctor Faustus: The Repudiation of Humanity. # 8221 ; In Twentieth Century Interpretations of Doctor Faustus. Ed. Willard Farnham. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1969. Green, Robert. Sovereign Elizabeth I. New York: Franklin Watts, 1997. Johnson, Paul. Elizabeth I ; a real existence. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1974. Kendall, Allen. Elizabeth I. New York: St. Martin # 8217 ; s Press, 1977. Glade, Robert E. Christopher Marlowe. New York: Twayne Publ

Understanding Illyngophobia or the Fear of Vertigo

Understanding Illyngophobia or the Fear of Vertigo Phobias Types Print Understanding Illyngophobia or the Fear of Vertigo By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Updated on October 15, 2019 GeorgePeters / Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Those who suffer from illyngophobia, the fear of vertigo (dizziness), are not afraid of the height itself, but of developing vertigo when looking down. Overview Illynogophobia is related to acrophobia, the fear of heights, but is not the same. Those with acrophobia are literally afraid of being at a significant height. The difference is subtle, and a trained clinician can make a proper diagnosis. Most people report some level of discomfort with heights. Gibson and Walks famous 1960 Visual Cliff experiments, detailed in Acrophobia, showed that babies are reluctant to cross a thick pane of glass covering an apparent drop. What Is Vertigo? Vertigo is a specific type of dizziness and causes you to feel like your: SpinningSwayingTiltingIn a moving roomMoving There are two types of vertigo and both can be exacerbated by heights, particularly when looking down from a ledge: Subjective vertigo, the sufferer feels like he or she is moving or swaying.Objective vertigo, the sufferer feels like objects are moving around him or her. A number of pre-existing conditions and medications can cause vertigo, including: Inner ear issuesBrain abnormalitiesSome diuretics and antidepressants Symptoms If you suffer from illyngophobia it is not unusual to believe that you have vertigo. These two phobias can induce many of the same symptoms, including: DizzinessShakingNauseaVomiting Causes The cause of illyngophobia is often, although not always, a negative experience with heights experienced by you or someone else. Perhaps you fell off the sofa as a child or watched someone fall, either in person or on television. Evolutionary psychologists believe illyngophobia may be an extreme variation on a normal evolutionary survival mechanism. Complications Many occupations require employees to work at significant heights. Those with severe illyngophobia may be unable to work even inside an office on a high floor. City dwellers may limit their choice of apartments as they are unwilling to live above the first floor. If you suffer from illyngophobia, you may develop the symptoms of medical vertigo. This can further increase your anxiety as you now believe that you have the disorder you feared. Treatment Like other specific phobias, you require treatment if the phobia interferes with your living a normal life. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is one of the most common and most effective treatments for illyngophobia and other specific phobias. The therapist teaches you how to replace your negative thoughts about being at heights with positive ones. You will learn to relax as you confront progressively more challenging heights through a process known as systematic desensitization. Although the fear of vertigo can be life-limiting, treatment is successful in the vast majority of cases. In Popular Culture The best-known example of illyngophobia in popular culture is Alfred Hitchcocks 1958 film Vertigo. In the film, a police detective develops vertigo after seeing a fellow officer fall to his death during a rooftop chase. Throughout the film, the detectives condition is shown to be psychological in nature and he is able to conquer vertigo at the end, albeit at a terrible price.

Questions On Margin Of Error - 1532 Words

What is margin of error? Margin of error is a common summary of sampling error that quantifies uncertainty about survey results. Three pieces of data are needed to express the â€Å"confidence interval,† : statistic, confidence level, and margin of error. Confidence Interval is usually stated in the following format: 95 percent confidence intervals, or accurate 19/20 times with a margin of error of +/- 5%. This means that 19 out of 20 times it is expected that the mean of the survey result (stats) will fall within 5% above or below the true value. There are strict parameters that determines on which survey results a Margin of Error disclaimer can included. MRIA sets the guidelines for reporting research in Appendix â€Å"D† MRIA Revised†¦show more content†¦(b) Researchers must ensure the reliability and validity of research data as far as reasonably possible when designing research methodologies and instruments and in the collection, processing and analysis of research data. Integrity of Reporting (a) Researchers must not knowingly allow the dissemination of conclusions from a market research project which are not adequately supported by the data. They must always be prepared to make available the technical information necessary to assess the validity of any published findings. (b) This entails that: 1. Researchers must recommend those techniques and methodologies which are appropriate to the objectives of the research, avoiding those which they believe may give misleading results. 2. Researchers must not provide or allow without protest, interpretations of the research that are inconsistent with the data. 3. Researchers must not present research results with greater confidence than the data warrants. Instead, as responsible professionals, members must point out the relevant limitations of the research. This includes but is not limited to the following guidelines: i. Disclosing relevant potential sources of error, both sampling and non-sampling (e.g. response, non-response, measurement, coverage, etc.). ii. Being explicit about the assumptions

A Brief Note On Agro Terrorism And Its Effects On Society

Americans have become so fixated on a 9/11 type of attack that many others modes of terrorism often go over looked, such as agricultural terrorism (agro terrorism). Agro terrorism can be defined as the intentional release of a disease substance that impacts cattle and other food supply chains that either generates widespread fear or impacts a the social economic climate (Chalk, 2004). The U.S. is vulnerable for such a disruption and cannot wait until an attack occurs before significant action is taken to defend the people and keep America’s defenses in a mode that detects and deters potential threats. Vulnerabilities have to be identified and steps have to be taken to mitigate the impact of a potential threat. There is no way to prevent†¦show more content†¦in attempt to be heard. Additionally, if another 9/11 happened you can’t rule out this type of attack to further disrupt stability and put more fear and chaos in the minds of citizens. This type of attack can be done simultaneously with another attack and cause the same damage to U.S. infrastructure as if a building had collapsed. With little to no resistance, the terrorist organization can achieve a low risk, high reward attack and ultimately achieve the desired results of panic and production lag even if the attempt is unsuccessful or quickly contained. The vulnerabilities exist in monitoring, detection, response, and a clear lack of knowledgeable technicians and diagnostic professionals dedicated to agricultural terrorism. Monitoring Currently, the U.S. has identified a need to develop plans that will collect and integrate information for the agricultural safety of America’s food chain. Some states have addressed the issue but only North Carolina has made significant strides in what developed agricultural plan would look like. As of now, there is no effective national coordination on the federal level despite the existence of presidential directives aimed at securing this weakness. Specifically, the â€Å"Homeland Security Presidential Directive 9 (HSPD-9), â€Å"Defense of United States Agriculture and Food† (Monke, 2005). This directive aimed to plan for the protection of agricultural resources in the

Administrative Law and Regulatory Processes Free Essays

The federal state constitution has set up various independent regulatory commissions which are established to regulate and decide on important areas of the nation’s economy. According to Horn (2003), the regulatory commissions are also referred to as the quasi-legislative groups, and they operate independently with no presidential control.   Members of the regulatory commissions are appointed to their various offices by the president, and are given the approval by the senate either for staggered periods or for long terms. We will write a custom essay sample on Administrative Law and Regulatory Processes or any similar topic only for you Order Now    The president cannot remove a head of an independent commission at will. Members who are appointed to work in the various independent commissions must have had appropriated experience working in the same industry.   The commissions should also have members from both parties and no member can be stopped from serving in the regulatory commission due to political factors. When a regulatory commission concentrates on the protection of the interests of a specific industry, such a commission is said to be’ captured’ because it protects and represents only the interest of the industry, as opposed to the protection of the public interest.   The objective of any independent and regulatory commission should be to protect and represent the interest of the public. Quasi-legislative and Quasi- judicial Functions The regulatory commissions that are established as independent have both the quasi-judicial and the quasi-legislative functions, which they carry out in the discharge of their responsibilities.   Mayne Martin (2004) observed that, the quasi-legislative functions are exercised where the commission is required to take part in the rule making, and in the carrying out of their regulatory functions.    In the carrying out of this duty, there should be the force of law whereby, when a decision is made by the commission, it becomes legally binding and anyone who does not a bid by the rule is subject to a judicial sanction. According to Mayne Martin (2004), the powers of the quasi judicial functions have been exercised in situations where disputes need to be settled in various incidents where the congress may have been involved in the giving of policing authority such as, in the business field, where the commission may have been making decisions which may be viewed as suitable for the development of commerce. For instance, there is a commission on Interstate Commerce which deals with matters of economy in the state. The regulatory commissions have the three major powers which include the legislative, judicial and the executive powers.   Unlike other arms of government that are subject to the rule which demands for power separation, this rule does not apply to the regulatory commissions. There has been so much controversy concerning the powers given to the independent regulatory commissions, and these powers have been reduced every now and then especially during the leadership of president Bush and Reagan. Horn (2003) observed that, there has been a tremendous effort by the congress to protect the regulatory agencies from any political influence.   The congress does this by demanding that, every agency should be led by commissioners who are active in the two major political movements. How to cite Administrative Law and Regulatory Processes, Essays

Unsettling Dreams an Analysis of the Metamorphosis free essay sample

An Analysis of The Metamorphosis Through his essay â€Å"Competing Theories of Identity in The Metamorphosis†, Kevin W. Sweeny explores three different concepts of identity that are brought to light in Franz Kafka’s novella The Metamorphosis. While our social role and conscious mind help establish our character, ultimately our material body determines how we identify, to ourselves and the general public. Through The Metamorphosis, Kafka explores how losing control of the body can conflict the mind, and decimate social status, as well as alter the very essence of one’s identity. When he awakes one morning to find his human body replaced with that of a bug in Kafka’s novella The Metamorphosis, Gregor Samsa does not immediately realize the drastic repercussions of this event; that with the loss of his human body comes the loss of his identity. No longer is he Gregor, but instead is a â€Å"monstrous vermin† (1). He has become unable to control his physical being and thus his actions, which are fundamental aspects of personal characterization. Gregor’s body begins to control all aspects of his life. It literally denies him the ability to speak, his voice intruded by an â€Å"insistent distressed chirping† (5). It is this loss of communication that stems Gregors detachment from humanity. He is incapable of voicing his thoughts and opinions, which is the very foundation of human interaction When Gregor first tries to respond to his mothers calls, his voice is badly garbled, broken up with chirps; when he attempts to defend himself against the Office Manager’s accusations with a long, pleading speech, the Manager’s only response is to claim Gregor’s voice as that â€Å"of an animal (10). From this moment on, Gregor refrains from any attempt at speech. This absence of communication emphasizes the conflict between his conscious and the physical being it now inhabits; that of a bug. Also emphasizing this mind-body disconnect is Kafka’s focus on â€Å"[Gregor’s] little legs†, a phrase sometimes accompanied by modifiers such as â€Å"numerous† (6) and â€Å"struggling† (6). Starkly contrasting the bipedalism of the more evolutionarily evolved human being, this emphasis on Gregor’s â€Å"many legs [being] pitifully thin† (16) further strips him of his human identity. Accompanied by the fact that Gregor is the only non-human character in the novella, this portrays him as an isolated creature, inferring he is an inferior being. The transformation of Gregor’s biological identity impacts not only him, but his family as well. For Gregor, it means almost complete isolation. After awakening that morning, he never again leaves the apartment, instead spending most of his time â€Å"[lying] in the darkest corner of his room† (34). His exile makes him an outcast not only socially, but with his family as well. In describing the family apartment, Kafka’s repetition of the competing terms â€Å"living room† versus â€Å"his room† emphasize Gregor’s alienation from the rest of his family. While words such as â€Å"immaculate† (35) attribute a clean, almost holy reverence to the living room, â€Å"all the [useless] things migrate into Gregor’s room† (33). This implies that Gregor himself is also useless, as it is his room that stores all the family’s â€Å"dirty junk† (33). Before his transformation, Gregor was the sole provider for his family. His father was feeble and ailing, whiles his mother and sister simply enjoyed the benefits of being taken care of. Yet with Gregor’s metamorphosis the family dynamic is altered into one of the more traditional sense, with his father assuming the authoritative, patriarchal role as head of the household. It is the contrast between these dynamics and Gregor’s role in them that invokes the analysis of Gregor’s true self. Through the novella, Gregor struggles with the separation of mind from body. His body repeatedly rejects what his mind wants, as demonstrated when his sister left Gregor a bowl of fresh milk with little pieces of bread floating in it. He discovers that he â€Å"[doesn’t] like the milk at all, although if used to be his favorite drink† (16), and that he now has a taste for half-rotten vegetables and expired cheese. These food choices are also used to further emphasize the loss of Gregor’s human identity, as no average person would voluntarily choose rotten over fresh food. It also allows insight into how he will soon be viewed by his family. A peer or superior would never be offered anything less than the most fresh, nourishing food available; days-old and rotting food is typically only given to those seen as inferior. He also finds great comfort underneath the couch in his room, even though he cannot fit entirely beneath it. This suggests the very stereotypical desire of a bug to be in a confined, dark space; a characteristic that is more often associated with a phobia than a desire among the human population. Gregor also uses a bed sheet to reveal and conceal himself. It is something that â€Å"fell off by itself† (6) with ease in the beginning of the story to reveal his bug body. And it is the same sheet e uses to cover himself for his sister’s sake later on, when he realizes that the sight of him is â€Å"still repulsive to her and was bound to remain repulsive to her in the future† (22). This evokes the question of whether the sheet fell away in the beginning to reveal Gregor’s true self, or if it is his true self that he is trying to retain by keeping himself covered by it in the presence of his sister. The true self, that of the physical body possessed, is ultimat ely what decides how one is identified, both by themselves, as well as by society. Kafka uses Gregor’s bug body to address this theory. Ultimately it is our physical being that dictated our actions and how we are perceived. It is Gregor’s physical being that controls what he eats, his mobility, his sleep, and ultimately, it is his body that controls when he dies. Works Cited Kafka, Franz. The Metamorphosis: Translation, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism. Ed. Stanley Corngold. Trans. Stanley Corngold. Norton Critical Edition ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 1996. Print. Sweeney, Kevin W. â€Å"Competing Theories of Identity in The Metamorphosis. † The Metamorphosis. By Franz Kafka. Ed. Stanley Corngold. New York: Norton, 1996.

Analyzing and Interpreting Film Essay Example

Analyzing and Interpreting Film Paper I have never taken the time to analyze or interpret a film, and I think that I have missed the opportunity to notice that everything we see and hear on screen is put there on purpose, and everything adds to the overall meaning. The film I will be analyzing is Pulp Fiction. I will discuss the production elements (acting, lighting, camera angles, etc. ) plus the story elements (character, plot, theme, etc. ) that put together the story. Detail plays a major part on how we feel during a certain sequence; we will look at how the Director Question Titration was able to make us feel that way. In this paper I will try to explain how to analyze a movie. I will also explain how we find and interpret meaning in movies; in addition I will talk about my own individual response, of seeing, perceiving, and interpreting the film. Me start by saying that I had to watch a film a few times before I was able to analyze, and Interpret It. I also found a check list to help me analyze a film, but also to help me In turn to write this paper Credits and males-en-scene: what are the first Images n the film (often while the credits are rolling and what do they tell you. We will write a custom essay sample on Analyzing and Interpreting Film specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Analyzing and Interpreting Film specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Analyzing and Interpreting Film specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Where and when is the film set and how do you know this? Dowdy know yet how the film will end? (A Checklist for Analyzing Movies). The first thing that I found is that a film does not wander too far from the opening, and most of the time you are able to predict where the film might go next. The essential questions are what is the theme of the film? Analyzing the storyline would be next. Dialogue is a crucial part of film analysis given that If It Is not realistic, they may lose the audience. An additional and very important part of analyzing a film is the mood of the film, and how does the use of lighting set a mood, and the use of special effects, costumes and backgrounds. Ask yourself how can sound intensify emotion or intensify suspense? The Job of the cinematographer Is to produce the right feeling for a film. Cinematography and visual style: color, space, focus, depth of field, camera angles, POP, composition, movement, aspect ratios, light and lighting, atmosphere. Is there a style? What is the overall look and feel of the film? (A Checklist for Analyzing Movies). Are able to see his work if you concentrate on the shapes and colors of the scenery, and costumes. It should all be effectively working together to form a specific mood. Making use of light and darkness can be very important, as can other effects such as shadow and fog. In a well-made film the setting should add to the scene and not overpower it. References A cancelled Tort Analyzing Movies. Retrieve October 1,U Trot nntp:/ Mencken. Com/a_checklist_for_analyzing_movies. HTML Bogs,J. , Petri, Art of Watching Films (Gifford Custom 7th Deed. ) . Kenney- D. (2008). The

International Relations and Realpolitiks essays

International Relations and Realpolitiks essays The international relations policy of Realpolitik can seem confusing, conflicted, and at times self-defeating. However, the policy does what it is supposed to do better than any other; it protects the interests of the United States. If little consistency in foreign policy can be perceived, it's because there hasn't been any. Realpolitik has steered the nation away from total allegiance to international organizations such as the U.N., is against military intervention in ethnic wars such as Bosnia, opposes nation-building in such places as Somalia, and is totally focused on constructing a missile-defense shield to ward off foreign threats to the homeland. The policys answer to any conflict is how will this protect and forward the interests of the United States? If the answer is it does not, then no action should be taken. Realpolitik is the strongest policy for international relations because it allows for the U.S. to concentrate on conflicts that matter most to the country. September 11, 2001, reinforced White House unilateralism. The U.S. attacked al Quada and overthrew the Taliban government in Afghanistan alone, with help from Britain. It did the job efficiently, largely without involving NATO or the U.N. An advantage of Realpolitik is that it sees international organizations such as the U.N. and NATO as a tool to further world interests that the U.S. does not have the time to focus on. For example, intervention in ethnic and civil wars should not be the duty of the United States, groups like the United Nations can be utilized to carry out such missions. The President and his White House foreign policy advisers appear to be on a learning curve. As the nation come up against global realities, it is shifting away from the hard ideological positions toward a more practical approach to world problems. The crises in Iraq and North Korea, each in its own way, have forced the Bush Administration to take a more traditional, multila...

Policy making in the federal system Research Paper

Policy making in the federal system - Research Paper Example roads and bridges), and preventing accidents. States will determine their own objectives for enhancing cargo transfers, reducing blockage, modernizing infrastructures, and ensuring safety. MAP-21 incorporates a number of conditions to cut down costs and expedite project delivery time (n.a., 2012, 1). This essay analyzes how MAP-21 raises the issue about the conflict between state (local) and federal governments, its pros and cons, its effectiveness as a policy, and its consistency with the constitutional framework of American federalism. When the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) concluded in 2009 the Congress agreed to draft another transportation proposal. The Senate successfully submitted a thoroughly drafted proposal—MAP-21. This Act was a major bipartisan program (Dilger, 2012, 1). Even though federal authority over surface transportation policy is still important, MAP-21 characterizes an extension of earlier focus of reauthorization on enlarging the state administrations’ executive power. For instance, the policy grants state governments more freedom in the utilization of federal highway support. It also grants states more freedom by increasing the projects entitled to resources reserved for non-highway associated improvements, like historic conservation, renovation of rails, and environmental protection. State governments were also given greater privilege to shift a percentage of those resources, within given conditions, to other fe deral safety and highway projects (CMAP Updates, 2012, para 4-5). However, some argue that the federal government has an obligation to make sure that federal resources are spent in the most resourceful and valuable way to advance the national objective of safeguarding the environment and boosting national economic development (Dilger, 2012, 2). They believe

An introduction and conclusion for literature review in finance Essay

An introduction and conclusion for literature review in finance (preparing for my dissertation) - Essay Example USA Petrochemical Industry Despite of the rise in the global demand for the petrochemical products, the USA petrochemical industry is facing increasing competition in the petrochemical export market. With supply of the natural gas by using the comprehensive pipe line system to both receive the raw materials as well as to deliver the finished products. So, it is expected that the US petrochemical industry would revive sooner than the other competitors. Furthermore, economic trade group such as NAFTA would contribute further to its growth. Political & Legal Factors The petrochemical industry in USA is governed by several laws and regulations. The hazardous materials transportation act and the pollution prevention act are significant among these. According to the first act, the Department of Transportation gets the authority to control the transportation of such materials including the petrochemicals. Furthermore, the USA government has become increasingly active and concerned about the safety and environmental areas for this petrochemical transportation.

Vodafone Group Management of Market Risks

Vodafone Group Management of Market Risks What is the role played by options, futures and forward contracts in managing market risks? The research critically analyzes this through the case study of Vodafone Group Plc. It first identifies the various factors that determine these risks since market risk includes different types of risks like commodity price risks, interest rate fluctuations risks and currency risks. Through the case study, it further aims to evaluate the effectiveness of using above derivatives, in managing market risks. By considering the portfolio of company designed to hedge a particular amount of risk; the research also aims to critically evaluate the individual contributions of each of the above in risk management and also of the portfolio as whole. Introduction: Oxford dictionary defines risk as a situation involving exposure to danger or expose (someone or something valued) to danger, harm, or loss (Oxford Dictionary). For a business entity Risks are connected to possible uncertainties that can result in negative effect on the entity. With the emergence of World Markets and various types of risks, risk management has become an integrated part of firms today. Different types of risks require different methods to handle, prevent or sometimes to absorb and benefit from risks. The downfall of risks has always been highlighted however they do have some arbitrage that results in potential gains. The Basel Committee that was formed in 1974 laid the regulatory framework for Financial Risk Management. (McNeil, Frey and Embrechts, 2005). Basel II (2001) defines Financial Risk Management to be formed of 4 steps: identification of risks into market, credit, operational and other risks; assessment of risks using data and risk model; monitoring and reporting of risk assessments on a timely basis and controlling these identified risks by senior management.'(Alexander, 2005). It thus determines the probability of a negative event taking place and its effects on the entity. Once identified risk can be treated in following manners: Eliminated altogether by simple business practices. These are the risks that are detrimental to the business entity. Transferred to other participants. Actively managed at firm level. (Alexander, 1996). The risks basically depend on the time value of assets. Moreover with the increased level of multinational functioning of business entities and the highly volatile nature of markets, risk management has now become a critical part of running the business. It therefore becomes essential to understand as well as analyze the various factors that determine risks and the preventive measures implemented against them. Also the hedging techniques being considered do not always ensure profits. The research would thereby include a detail study of the effectiveness of the methods implemented. One more important factor is the cost incurred. Risk management incurs certain costs and the process would therefore prove to be futile if the costs incurred don’t offer proportionally benefits. Literature Review: Market Risk constitutes of commodity risk, interest risk and currency risks. Commodity price risk includes the potential change in the price of a commodity. The rising or falling commodity prices affect the producers, traders and the end-users of the various commodities. Moreover if they are traded in foreign currency, there arises the risk of currency exchange rate. These are normally hedged by offering forward or future contracts at fixed rates. This is especially important for commodities like oil, natural gas, gold, electricity etc whose prices are highly volatile in nature. (Berk and Demarzo, 2010) Interest Risk relates to the change in interest rates of bonds, stocks or loans. A rising rate of interest would effectively reduce the price of a bond. Increased interest rates result in increasing the borrowing costs of the firm and thereby reduce its profitability. It is hedged by swaps or by investing in short term securities. Currency risks arise from the exceedingly volatile exchange rates between the currencies of different countries. For e.g. Airbus, an aircraft manufacturing company based in France requires oil for its production. Oil being traded in US dollars and the company doing trading in Euros, has a foreign exchange risk. It would be therefore beneficial for Airbus to enter a forward contract with its oil suppliers. Options are another way of hedging against currency risks. (Berk and Demarzo, 2010). Forward contracts, Futures and Options are called the Financial Derivatives and are used largely to reduce market risks. Walsh David (1995) explains that if two securities have same payoffs in future, they must have same price today. Thus the value of a derivative moves in the same way as that of underlying asset. This is called arbitrage. Hedging of risks is nothing but the holder of an asset has two positions in opposite directions. One is of the derivative and opposite position is on the under-lying asset respectively. As such if the value if the asset decreases then value of the derivative will also decrease. But the change in value is off-set by the opposite positions to each other. Thus risk is reduced. This is called hedging. Long Hedge refers when an investor anticipates increase in market price and therefore buys future contracts. Short Hedge is when an investor already has a futures contract and expects the value of asset to fall and therefore sells it beforehand. (Dubofsky and Miller, 2003) Long Hedge Short Hedge Change in value of position Change in price Change in value of position Change in price Fig.1 Hedging (Dubofsky, D and Miller, T. Jr. 2003) Forward Contracts- These involve buying or selling specific asset at a specific price at a specified time. It is basically a contract between two parties to trade a particular commodity or asset at a particular rate on a specified time. The buyer is said to be in ‘long position’ while the seller hols the ‘short position’. These are Over the Counter (OTC) Derivatives. These are used for locking-in the price and require no cash transfers in the beginning, thereby involve credit risks. Their main feature is the flexibility as forward contracts can be tailored as per the requirements of the traders. They are typically used to hedge the exchange rate risks. (Claessens, 1993) Futures- These are more standardized than the Forward contracts. They are traded at Foreign Exchanges. The standardized contract specifying the asset, price and delivery time is either bought or sold through broker. The delivery price depends on market and determined by the exchange. The default risk in futures is minimized due to clearinghouse. It acts as centred party and does the ‘marking to market’ of traders’ account; by doing profit-loss calculations daily. Initial margin amount is required and futures hence involve margin calls. Minimum credit risk is involved; but being standardized contracts, these cannot be tailored to individual demands. (Hinkelmann and  Swidler, 2004). Futures could be contracts on real assets for e.g. gold, oil, corn etc. or they could also be contracts of financial nature for e.g. currency, interest rates etc. (Tamiso and Freedman, 1995). Fig.2: Hedging through Futures. (Walsh, D. 1995) Options- The holder can buy from or sell to, the asset at a strike rate at a future maturity date. However the holder of the option has no moral obligation to do so. The cost of buying the option involves a premium which is to be paid up front. The option that enables the holder to buy an asset is called Call option while in Put option the holder is able to sell the asset. (Claessens, 1993) These can be bought Over the Counter (OTC) at a bank or can be exchange traded options. An American option could be exercised at any time before it expires. On the contrary, a European option has to be exercised on maturity. Option is normally executed when its strike price is less than price of the stock. However, is the price of the stock is less than the strike price; the holder will not execute the option. Black and Scholes (1973) gave the formula to determine the price of a European option. According to the formula, the value of Call option is given by: where The value of Put option is given by: P = Ke-r (T-t) – S + C = N(-d2) Ke-r (T-t) – N(-d1) S. Where N (.) is a cumulative normal distribution function s- standard deviation of the share price, rf- risk-free interest rate per annum and t- time to expiry (in years). The above formula, also known as the Black-Scholes option pricing model; is based on the assumptions that the stock doesn’t pay any dividends, it is possible to buy or sell even a single share, there are no costs incurred in these transactions and that arbitrage opportunity doesn’t exist. According to Black and Scholes (1973), the option value as a function of the stock price is independent of the expected return of the stock. The expected return of the option, however, will depend upon the expected return of the stock. Hence as the price of underlying asset increases, the price of option will also increase owing to their linear relationship. Black and Scholes (1972) further carried on various empirical tests to validity of the formula. They observed that price paid by the buyers of the option was higher than that shown by the formula. This was mainly because the transaction costs that are incurred are always paid by the buyers of the options. These costs were found to be high for options of high risks and vice-versa. The sellers of options thus got the price that was predicted by the formula. The case study would make use of this formula to determine the value of options held by the company. Walsh David (1995) explains that options have a non-linear relation with payoff. Its payoff increases with the price of the asset if it is in-the-money and has a constant payoff which is the option premium if it is out-of-the-money. On the contrary, futures and forward contracts have a linear relation with the payoffs in both, profit as well as loss. Therefore options might be preferred over futures and forwards for hedging. He further highlights the difference between hedging through futures and forward contracts. While in forward contracts, the company merely sets up a rate for future trading, it doesn’t involve any monetary transfer. Futures however make use of margin account and marking to market is done daily. Hence the results of futures over their time span vary greatly with those of forward contracts. Hence the individual contributions of each to risk management would be calculated during the research. The case study would also include a study the similarities and diff erences in futures, forward contracts and options and their individual effects on risk management. Data and Methodology: Objectives: The research aims to: Increase the understanding of the factors that determine market risks. Understand the haven provided by financial derivatives against these risks. Have a clear understanding of the methods or risk management techniques. Understand the process of risk management. Understand the intricacies of derivative markets. Data and Methodology: The Research is essentially a case study of Vodafone Group Plc. Primary data would include the information of the forward contracts with service providers, options and futures of the company in the market. Secondary data would be Qualitative in nature, comprising online journals, relative case studies and books. The research would be carried out in the following steps: Depending upon the nature of company, determine that factors that would affect the risk faced by the company. Evaluate the percentage of risk faced by the company. Determine the amount of this risk, which the company would want to hedge. The data would then be utilised to determine the amount of risk hedged by each of the above and then determine the total risk hedged by portfolio as whole. Calculate the cost of hedging the risk. Compare and contrast the findings with the defined ‘Effective Risk Management.’ Critically analyze the results. Suggest improvements if any, in the portfolio. Calculate the risk hedged with the suggested changes. Proposed Timetable: Date Activity 6th May, 2011 Submission of final proposal (By) 20th June, 2011 Collection of data as required by case study and start working on calculations. 1st July, 2011 Define the parameters for ‘effective risk management’ and complete calculations. Complete the initial declaration pages of report. 15th July, 2011 Complete the literature review pertaining to case study. Finish report writing till that part. (up to 5000 words) 1st August, 2011 Compare and contrast the findings to the established parameters. Evaluate results. Some more relative literature review. 15th August, 2011 Finish writing the calculations, explaining results. Complete up to 10,000 words of report. 1st September, 2011 Complete the report and submit the first draft for feedback. 15th September, 2011 Redraft using the suggested changes. Final draft for submission 19th September, 2011 Final submission of the report. REFERENCES Alexander, C. (1996). The Handbook of Risk Management and Analysis. West Sussex: John Wiley Sons. Alexander, C. (2005). ‘The Present and Future of Financial Risk Management.’ Journal of Financial Econometrics, 3 (1), pp. 3-25. JSTOR (Online). Available at http://jfec.oxfordjournals.org/ (Accessed: 8th March, 2011). Berk, J and Demarzo, P. (2010). Corporate Finance. 2nd edn. Boston: Pearson. Black, F. and Scholes, M. (May Jun., 1973). ‘The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities.’ The Journal of Political Economy.81 (3) pp. 637-654. JSTOR (Online). Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1831029.pdf?acceptTC=true (Accessed: 5th May, 2011). Black, F. and Scholes, M. (May 1972). ‘The Valuation of Option Contracts and a Test of Market Efficiency.’ The Journal of Finance.27 (2) pp 399-417. JSTOR (Online). Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/2978484 (Accessed: 5th May, 2011). Claessens, S (1993). World Bank Technical Paper no 235.Washington DC: The World Bank. Dubofsky, D and Miller, T. Jr. (2003). Derivatives: Valuation and Risk Management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hinkelmann, C  Ã‚  Swidler, S.  (2004). ‘Using futures contracts to hedge macroeconomic risk in the public sector.’ Derivatives Use, Trading Regulation.  10(1),  pp. 54-69. ABI/INFORM Global (Online) available at http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0did=679304171SrchMode=2sid=1Fmt=6VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1304643921clientId=18060 (Accessed: 21st March, 2011). McNeil, A.J., Frey, R., Embrechts, P. (2005) Quantitative Risk Management. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. Oxford Dictionary (Online) available at http://oxforddictionaries.com/?attempted=true (Accessed: 21st March, 2011). Tamiso, R. Freedman, R. (1995). ‘Confronting Uncertainty: Intelligent Risk Management with Futures.’ Artificial Intelligence in the Capital Markets: State-of-the-Art Applications for Institutional Investors, Bankers and Traders, Probus Publishing, Chicago. pp. 209-222. Available at http://www.inductive.com/RMR-FUT.pdf . (Accessed: 4th May, 2011). Walsh, David.   (1995). ‘Risk management using derivative securities.’  Managerial Finance.  21(1),  pp. 43. ABI/INFORM Global (Online).  Available at http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=6did=4708471SrchMode=2sid=3Fmt=6VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1301258415clientId=18060 (Accessed: 27th March, 2011).

Just Kids by Patti Smith

Patti Smith calls the book, Just Kids, a memoir rather than an autobiography. Her book is almost poetic in nature and written in a beautiful and engaging way. From the first pages, the reader is drawn to her words and imagery. In describing one of her first memories, that of a swan on a pond, she says, â€Å"the river emptied into a wide lagoon and I saw upon its surface a singular miracle. A long curving neck rose from a dress of white plumage.†There are, of course many facts about her life as a young, starving artist but generally speaking she is giving the reader many impressions about her life rather than a chronology of the events in her life. The author, Dave Thompson, has written a more factual biography of Patti Smith in the book, Dancing Barefoot: The Patti Smith Story. In analyzing an excerpt from this biography, the reader is left with a somewhat different picture of Patti Smith. In it he describes fairly vividly and in almost a clinical way a less romanticized fami ly life.Here the reader finds out that her father was almost non-existent when she was growing up because he was out working to support his family. Her mother, one learns, is a serious Jehovah Witness. This is a very important point because it gives an important insight into how religion may have shaped her poetry and art in the future. It is interesting that in Just Kids, Patti Smith is very clear in mentioning how her partner, Robert Mapplethorpe is very influenced and almost traumatized by his devout Roman Catholic family.This religious aspect of her own life is not as clearly defined in her memoir. Dave Thompson also mentions how many of the facts about Patti Smith’s early jobs are distorted in her memoir and lets the reader conclude that perhaps the facts are not quite the facts in her own book. Dan Lieberfeld, on the other hand, in his essay, â€Å"Artistic Apprenticeship and Collaboration- Looking Back with Patti Smith,† emphasizes the profound impact that Rober t Mapplethorpe had on Patti Smith.In it, he describes how deep their connection was. In those early years in New York City, they were crucial to each other’s survival. They literally kept each other from starving by saving every penny they had from their poorly-paying jobs. His essay describes them as â€Å"apprentices† to each other as they each sought to become artists. As they supported each other, they also helped each other achieve their dreams of becoming true artists.The essay reflects many of the points and themes that Patti Smith describes in her memoir with great feeling and seems true to her descriptions of events that happened in her life. Patti Smith’s memoir gives an impression of her life with Robert Mapplethorpe and how they both emerged as artists and gives a great picture of the bohemian life they led in the 1970’s. Dan Lieberman’s essay confirms the fundamental principles underlying Patti Smith’s memoir – that Patti Smith and Robert Mapplethorpe were great friends who influenced each other.Dave Thompson’s book puts into question some of the details of Ms. Smith’s life. Does that make her contributions to the world of art and music any less important? Does it make the vivid descriptions of the chaotic art world any less real? The answer is a clear â€Å"no. † The reader may not agree with her lifestyle and even her art. The beauty of her words is real and really describes who she is. Whether she has embellished the facts or omitted some of them, it doesn’t really seem to matter.

Lord of the Flies Chapter 4-6

————————————————- Chapter 4 Summary Life on the island soon develops a daily rhythm. Morning is pleasant, with cool air and sweet smells, and the boys are able to play happily. By afternoon, though, the sun becomes oppressively hot, and some of the boys nap, although they are often troubled by bizarre images that seem to flicker over the water. Piggy dismisses these images as mirages caused by sunlight striking the water. Evening brings cooler temperatures again, but darkness falls quickly, and nighttime is frightening and difficult.The littluns, who spend most of their days eating fruit and playing with one another, are particularly troubled by visions and bad dreams. They continue to talk about the â€Å"beastie† and fear that a monster hunts in the darkness. The large amount of fruit that they eat causes them to suffer from diarrhea and stomach ailments. Although the littluns’ lives are largely separate from those of the older boys, there are a few instances when the older boys torment the littluns. One vicious boy named Roger joins another boy, Maurice, in cruelly stomping on a sand castle the littluns have built.Roger even throws stones at one of the boys, although he does remain careful enough to avoid actually hitting the boy with his stones. Jack, obsessed with the idea of killing a pig, camouflages his face with clay and charcoal and enters the jungle to hunt, accompanied by several other boys. On the beach, Ralph and Piggy see a ship on the horizon—but they also see that the signal fire has gone out. They hurry to the top of the hill, but it is too late to rekindle the flame, and the ship does not come for them. Ralph is furious with Jack, because it was the hunters’ responsibility to see that the fire was maintained.Jack and the hunters return from the jungle, covered with blood and chanting a bizarre song. They carry a dead pig on a stake between them. Furious at the hunters’ irresponsibility, Ralph accosts Jack about the signal fire. The hunters, having actually managed to catch and kill a pig, are so excited and crazed with bloodlust that they barely hear Ralph’s complaints. When Piggy shrilly complains about the hunters’ immaturity, Jack slaps him hard, breaking one of the lenses of his glasses. Jack taunts Piggy by mimicking his whining voice. Ralph and Jack have a heated conversation.At last, Jack admits his responsibility in the failure of the signal fire but never apologizes to Piggy. Ralph goes to Piggy to use his glasses to light a fire, and at that moment, Jack’s friendly feelings toward Ralph change to resentment. The boys roast the pig, and the hunters dance wildly around the fire, singing and reenacting the savagery of the hunt. Ralph declares that he is calling a meeting and stalks down the hill toward the beach alone. Analysis At this point in the novel, the group of boys has lived on the island for some time, and their society increasingly resembles a political state.Although the issue of power and control is central to the boys’ lives from the moment they elect a leader in the first chapter, the dynamics of the society they form take time to develop. By this chapter, the boys’ community mirrors a political society, with the faceless and frightened littluns resembling the masses of common people and the various older boys filling positions of power and importance with regard to these underlings. Some of the older boys, including Ralph and especially Simon, are kind to the littluns; others, including Roger and Jack, are cruel to them.In short, two conceptions of power emerge on the island, corresponding to the novel’s philosophical poles—civilization and savagery. Simon, Ralph, and Piggy represent the idea that power should be used for the good of the group and the protection of the littlunsâ€⠀a stance representing the instinct toward civilization, order, and morality. Roger and Jack represent the idea that power should enable those who hold it to gratify their own desires and act on their impulses, treating the littluns as servants or objects for their own amusement—a stance representing the instinct toward savagery.As the tension between Ralph and Jack increases, we see more obvious signs of a potential struggle for power. Although Jack has been deeply envious of Ralph’s power from the moment Ralph was elected, the two do not come into open conflict until this chapter, when Jack’s irresponsibility leads to the failure of the signal fire. When the fire—a symbol of the boys’ connection to civilization—goes out, the boys’ first chance of being rescued is thwarted. Ralph flies into a rage, indicating that he is still governed by desire to achieve the good of the whole group.But Jack, having just killed a pig, is too excited by his success to care very much about the missed chance to escape the island. Indeed, Jack’s bloodlust and thirst for power have overwhelmed his interest in civilization. Whereas he previously justified his commitment to hunting by claiming that it was for the good of the group, now he no longer feels the need to justify his behavior at all. Instead, he indicates his new orientation toward savagery by painting his face like a barbarian, leading wild chants among the hunters, and apologizing for his failure to maintain the signal fire only when Ralph seems ready to fight him over it.The extent to which the strong boys bully the weak mirrors the extent to which the island civilization disintegrates. Since the beginning, the boys have bullied the whiny, intellectual Piggy whenever they needed to feel powerful and important. Now, however, their harassment of Piggy intensifies, and Jack begins to hit him openly. Indeed, despite his position of power and responsibility in the gro up, Jack shows no qualms about abusing the other boys physically. Some of the other hunters, especially Roger, seem even crueler and less governed by moral impulses.The civilized Ralph, meanwhile, is unable to understand this impulsive and cruel behavior, for he simply cannot conceive of how physical bullying creates a self-gratifying sense of power. The boys’ failure to understand each other’s points of view creates a gulf between them—one that widens as resentment and open hostility set in. ————————————————- Chapter 5 Summary As Ralph walks along the beach, he thinks about how much of life is an improvisation and about how a considerable part of one’s waking life is spent watching one’s feet.Ralph is frustrated with his hair, which is now long, mangy, and always manages to fall in front of his eyes. He decides to call a meeting to attem pt to bring the group back into line. Late in the evening, he blows the conch shell, and the boys gather on the beach. At the meeting place, Ralph grips the conch shell and berates the boys for their failure to uphold the group’s rules. They have not done anything required of them: they refuse to work at building shelters, they do not gather drinking water, they neglect the signal fire, and they do not even use the designated toilet area.He restates the importance of the signal fire and attempts to allay the group’s growing fear of beasts and monsters. The littluns, in particular, are increasingly plagued by nightmare visions. Ralph says there are no monsters on the island. Jack likewise maintains that there is no beast, saying that everyone gets frightened and it is just a matter of putting up with it. Piggy seconds Ralph’s rational claim, but a ripple of fear runs through the group nonetheless. One of the littluns speaks up and claims that he has actually seen a beast.When the others press him and ask where it could hide during the daytime, he suggests that it might come up from the ocean at night. This previously unthought-of explanation terrifies all the boys, and the meeting plunges into chaos. Suddenly, Jack proclaims that if there is a beast, he and his hunters will hunt it down and kill it. Jack torments Piggy and runs away, and many of the other boys run after him. Eventually, only Ralph, Piggy, and Simon are left. In the distance, the hunters who have followed Jack dance and chant.Piggy urges Ralph to blow the conch shell and summon the boys back to the group, but Ralph is afraid that the summons will go ignored and that any vestige of order will then disintegrate. He tells Piggy and Simon that he might relinquish leadership of the group, but his friends reassure him that the boys need his guidance. As the group drifts off to sleep, the sound of a littlun crying echoes along the beach. Analysis The boys’ fear of the beast becomes an increasingly important aspect of their lives, especially at night, from the moment the first littlun claims to have seen a snake-monster in Chapter 2.In this chapter, the fear of the beast finally explodes, ruining Ralph’s attempt to restore order to the island and precipitating the final split between Ralph and Jack. At this point, it remains uncertain whether or not the beast actually exists. In any case, the beast serves as one of the most important symbols in the novel, representing both the terror and the allure of the primordial desires for violence, power, and savagery that lurk within every human soul. In keeping with the overall allegorical nature of  Lord of the Flies,  the beast can be interpreted in a number of different lights.In a religious reading, for instance, the beast recalls the devil; in a Freudian reading, it can represent the id, the instinctual urges and desires of the human unconscious mind. However we interpret the beast, the littlunâ €™s idea of the monster rising from the sea terrifies the boys because it represents the beast’s emergence from their own unconscious minds. As Simon realizes later in the novel, the beast is not necessarily something that exists outside in the jungle.Rather, it already exists inside each boy’s mind and soul, the capacity for savagery and evil that slowly overwhelms them. As the idea of the beast increasingly fills the boys with dread, Jack and the hunters manipulate the boys’ fear of the beast to their own advantage. Jack continues to hint that the beast exists when he knows that it probably does not—a manipulation that leaves the rest of the group fearful and more willing to cede power to Jack and his hunters, more willing to overlook barbarism on Jack’s part for the sake of maintaining the â€Å"safety† of the group.In this way, the beast indirectly becomes one of Jack’s primary sources of power. At the same time, Jack effectiv ely enables the boys themselves to act as the beast—to express the instinct for savagery that civilization has previously held in check. Because that instinct is natural and present within each human being, Golding asserts that we are all capable of becoming the beast. ————————————————- Chapter 6 Summary In the darkness late that night, Ralph and Simon carry a littlun back to the shelter before going to sleep.As the boys sleep, military airplanes battle fiercely above the island. None of the boys sees the explosions and flashes in the clouds because the twins Sam and Eric, who were supposed to watch the signal fire, have fallen asleep. During the battle, a parachutist drifts down from the sky onto the island, dead. His chute becomes tangled in some rocks and flaps in the wind, while his shape casts fearful shadows on the ground. His head seems to rise and fall as th e wind blows. When Sam and Eric wake up, they tend to the fire to make the flames brighter.In the flickering firelight, they see the twisted form of the dead parachutist and mistake the shadowy image for the figure of the dreaded beast. They rush back to the camp, wake Ralph, and tell him what they have seen. Ralph immediately calls for a meeting, at which the twins reiterate their claim that a monster assaulted them. The boys, electrified and horrified by the twins’ claims, organize an expedition to search the island for monsters. They set out, armed with wooden spears, and only Piggy and the littluns remain behind.Ralph allows Jack to lead the search as the group sets out. The boys soon reach a part of the island that none of them has ever explored before—a thin walkway that leads to a hill dotted with small caves. The boys are afraid to go across the walkway and around the ledge of the hill, so Ralph goes to investigate alone. He finds that, although he was frighten ed when with the other boys, he quickly regains his confidence when he explores on his own. Soon, Jack joins Ralph in the cave.The group climbs the hill, and Ralph and Jack feel the old bond between them rekindling. The other boys begin to play games, pushing rocks into the sea, and many of them lose sight of the purpose of their expedition. Ralph angrily reminds them that they are looking for the beast and says that they must return to the other mountain so that they can rebuild the signal fire. The other boys, lost in whimsical plans to build a fort and do other things on the new hill, are displeased by Ralph’s commands but grudgingly obey. AnalysisAs fear about the beast grips the boys, the balance between civilization and savagery on the island shifts, and Ralph’s control over the group diminishes. At the beginning of the novel, Ralph’s hold on the other boys is quite secure: they all understand the need for order and purposive action, even if they do not al ways want to be bothered with rules. By this point, however, as the conventions of civilization begin to erode among the boys, Ralph’s hold on them slips, while Jack becomes a more powerful and menacing figure in the camp.In Chapter 5, Ralph’s attempt to reason with the boys is ineffective; by Chapter 6, Jack is able to manipulate Ralph by asking him, in front of the other boys, whether he is frightened. This question forces Ralph to act irrationally simply for the sake of preserving his status among the other boys. This breakdown in the group’s desire for morality, order, and civilization is increasingly enabled—or excused—by the presence of the monster, the beast that has frightened the littluns since the beginning of the novel and that is quickly assuming an almost religious significance in the camp.The air battle and dead parachutist remind us of the larger setting of  Lord of the Flies: though the boys lead an isolated life on the island, we know that a bloody war is being waged elsewhere in the world—a war that apparently is a terrible holocaust. All Golding tells us is that atom bombs have threatened England in a war against â€Å"the reds† and that the boys were evacuated just before the impending destruction of their civilization. The war is also responsible for the boys’ crash landing on the island in the first place, because an enemy aircraft gunned down their transport plane.Although the war remains in the background of  Lord of the Flies,  it is nevertheless an important extension of the main themes of the novel. Just as the boys struggle with the conflict between civilization and savagery on the island, the outside world is gripped in a similar conflict. War represents the savage outbursts of civilization, when the desire for violence and power overwhelms the desire for order and peace. Even though the outside world has bestowed upon the boys a sense of morality and order, the danger o f savagery remains real even within the context of that seemingly civilized society that has nurtured them.

Ladies Home Journal Sit-In of 1970 Feminsts Take Over

Many people hear the term â€Å"sit-in† and think of the Civil Rights Movement or opposition to the Vietnam War. But feminists held sit-ins, too, advocating for women’s rights and a variety of specific goals. On March 18, 1970, feminists staged the Ladies’ Home Journal sit-in. At least a hundred women marched into the Ladies’ Home Journal office to protest the way the magazine’s mostly male staff depicted women’s interests. Ironically, the magazines motto was â€Å"Never Underestimate the Power of a Woman. Taking Over the Magazine Feminists involved in the Ladies’ Home Journal sit-in were members of groups such as Media Women, New York Radical Women, NOW, and Redstockings. The organizers called on friends - including reporters, film students and law students - to help with logistics and advice for the day’s protest. The Ladies’ Home Journal sit-in lasted all day. The protesters occupied the office for 11 hours. They presented their demands to editor-in-chief John Mack Carter and senior editor Lenore Hershey, who was one of the only female members of the editorial staff. The feminist protesters brought a mock magazine titled the â€Å"Women’s Liberated Journal† and displayed a banner reading â€Å"Women’s Liberated Journal† from the office windows. Why Ladies’ Home Journal? Feminist groups in New York objected to most of the women’s magazines of the day, but they decided on a Ladies’ Home Journal sit-in because of its sizable circulation (over 14 million readers per month at the time) and because one of their members used to work there. The leaders of the protest were able to enter the offices with her in advance to scout out the location.   Glossy Women’s Magazine Issues Women’s magazines were often a target of feminist complaints. The Women’s Liberation Movement objected to stories that focused constantly on beauty and housework while perpetuating the myths of the patriarchal establishment. One of the most famous running columns in Ladies Home Journal was called Can This Marriage Be Saved?, in which women wrote in for advice on their troubled marriages and received advice from the magazines mostly male writers. Many of the wives writing in were in abusive marriages, but the magazines advice typically blamed them for not making their husbands happy enough. Radical feminists wanted to protest the domination of the magazines by men and advertisers (who were also mostly men). For example, women’s magazines made vast amounts of money from ads for beauty products; the shampoo companies insisted on running articles such as â€Å"How to Wash Your Hair and Keep it Shiny† next to the hair care ads, thus ensuring a cycle of profitable advertising and editorial content. Womens lives had changed significantly since the magazine debuted in 1883, but the content continued to focus on domesticity and patriarchal notions of female subservience. The feminists at the Ladies’ Home Journal sit-in had a number of demands, including: Hire a female editor-in-chief and an all-female editorial staffHave women write columns and articles, to avoid inherent male biasHire non-white women according to the percentage of minorities in the U.S. populationRaise the women’s salariesProvide free day care on the premises, since the magazine claims to care about women and childrenOpen editorial meetings to all employees, to eliminate the traditional power hierarchyStop running ads that degrade women or ads from companies that exploit womenStop running articles tied in to advertisingEnd the â€Å"Can this Marriage be Saved?† column New Article Ideas The feminists came to the Ladies’ Home Journal sit-in with suggestions for articles to replace the mythical happy homemaker and other shallow, deceptive pieces. Susan Brownmiller, who participated in the protest, recalls some of the feminists’ suggestions in her book In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution. Their suggested article titles included: How to Get a DivorceHow to Have an OrgasmWhat to Tell Your Draft-Age SonHow Detergents Harm Our Rivers and StreamsHow Psychiatrists Hurt Women—and Why These ideas obviously contrasted the usual messages of women’s magazines and their advertisers. Feminists complained that the magazines pretended single parents did not exist and that household consumer products somehow led to righteous happiness. And the magazines definitely avoiding talking about powerful issues such as women’s sexuality or the Vietnam War. Results of the Sit-In After the Ladies’ Home Journal sit in, editor John Mack Carter refused to resign from his job, but he agreed to let the feminists produce a portion of an issue of Ladies’ Home Journal, which appeared in August 1970 and included articles such as â€Å"Should This Marriage Be Saved?† and â€Å"Your Daughter’s Education.†Ã‚  He also promised to look into the feasibility of an on-site day care center. A few years later in 1973, Lenore Hershey became the editor-in-chief of Ladies’ Home Journal, and since then, all the editors-in-chief have been women: Myrna Blyth succeeded Hershey in 1981, followed by Diane Salvatore (ed. 2002-2008) and Sally Lee (2008-2014). In 2014, the magazine ceased its monthly publication and shifted to a quarterly special-interest publication.